Turkmenistan (formerly Turkmenia) is bounded by the Caspian Sea in the west, Kazakhstan in the north, Uzbekistan in the east, and Iran and Afghanistan in the south. About nine-tenths of Turkmenistan is desert, chiefly the Kara-Kum. One of the world's largest sand deserts, it is approximately 138,966 sq mi (360,000 sq km).

Government - one party republic.

Total area: 188,455 sq mi (488,100 sq km)

Population (2006 est.): 5,042,920 (growth rate: 1.8%); birth rate: 27.6/1000; infant mortality rate: 72.6/1000; life expectancy: 61.8; density per sq mi: 27

Capital and largest city (2003 est.): Ashgabat, 727,700

Other large cities: Chardzhou, 213,500; Tashauz, 160,400

Monetary unit: Manat

Languages: Turkmen 72%; Russian 12%; Uzbek 9%, other 7%

Ethnicity/race: Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003)

Religions: Islam 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%, unknown 2%

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